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Citing
Your Sources: Print & Electronic Style
Guides
Common Reference Styles
Style Manuals in Print
Style Manuals on the
Web
Citation
Software
A very important part of the research
process is proper documentation of the
sources you have used in the formulation
of your paper. You must cite any work
that has contributed to the ideas you
present, even if you do not use direct
quotations from that source. For more
information on why it is important to
document your sources, see our page on Keeping
it Honest: Avoiding Plagiarism.
This publication offers you a starting
point in creating a bibliography using
either the MLA of APA format. For more
detailed information about creating a
bibliography, and to find out how to
document quotations and paraphrases in
the body of your paper, use one of the
style manuals available in the library
listed at the end of this page.
Common
Reference Styles
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Note:
Citations in bibliographies are
generally double-spaced.
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Encyclopedia article
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MLA Bibliography
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Kadner, Robert J. "Bacteria
and Other Monerans." The
New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia.
15th ed. 1998.
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MLA In-Text
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(Kadner 570-586)
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APA References Page
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Kadner, R. J. (1998). Bacteria
and other monerans. In The
New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia (Vol.
14, pp. 570-586). Chicago: Encyclopaedia
Britannica. |
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APA In-Text
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(Kadner, 1998, p. 570-586)
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Book
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MLA Bibliography
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Galbraith, James K. Created
Unequal: The Crisis in American
Pay. New
York:
The Free Press, 1998.
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MLA In-Text
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(Galbraith)
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APA References Page
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Galbraith, J. (1998). Created
unequal: the crisis in american
pay. New
York:
The Free Press.
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APA In-Text
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(Galbraith, 1998)
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Book with more than one author
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MLA Bibliography
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Logan, John R., and Glenna D.
Spitze. Family Ties: Enduring
Relations Between Parents and Their
Grown Children. Philadelphia: Temple UP,
1996.
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MLA In-Text
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(Logan et al.)
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APA References Page
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Logan, J., & G. Spitze. (1996). Family
ties: Enduring relations between
parents and their grown children. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
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APA In-Text
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(Logan,
1996)
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Edited Book
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MLA Bibliography
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Salett, Elizabeth Pathy, and Diane
R. Koslow, eds. Race, Ethnicity,
and Self: Identity in Multicultural
Perspective. Washington:
NatÌl MultiCultural Inst., 1994.
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MLA In-Text
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(Salett et al.)
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APA References Page
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Salett, E., & D. Koslow (Eds.).
(1994). Race, ethnicity, and
self: Identity in multicultural
perspective. Washington, DC:
National MultiCultural Institute.
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APA In-Text
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(Salett, 1994)
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Article in a Magazine
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MLA Bibliography
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Landy, Stephen D. "Mapping
the Universe." Scientific
American June 1999: 38-45.
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MLA In-Text
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(Landy 38-45)
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APA References Page
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Landy, S. D (1999, June). Mapping
the universe. Scientific American,
38-45.
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APA In-Text
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(Landy, p. 38-45)
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Article in an Academic Journal
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MLA Bibliography
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Bouabdellah, Hassen. "Culture,
Art and Violence." College
Literature 30 (1) (2003): 148-53.
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MLA In-Text
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(Bouabdellah 148-53)
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APA References Page
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Bouabdellah, H. (2003). Culture,
art and violence. College Literature, 30(1), 148-153.
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APA In-Text
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(Bouabdellah, p. 148-153)
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Web page
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MLA Bibliography
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Holton, Woody. "The Ohio
Indians and the Coming
of the American Revolution
in Virginia." The
Journal
of Southern History 60.3 (1994):
453-478. JSTOR. A.Frank Smith,
Jr. Library Center,
Georgetown. 10 Nov.2005
<http://www.jstor.org>.
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APA
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Holton, W. (1994). The Ohio Indians
and the
coming of the American
Revolution in Virginia.
The Journal of Southern
History,
60, 453-478.
Retrieved July 31, 2001, from
JSTOR database.
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Style
Manuals in Print
Below is a list of titles for some of
the print style manuals that are available
in our library. Other style manuals that
cover citations for specific disciplines
of study are also available. The most
recent editions of all of these manuals
will be in the reference collection and
will not circulate. Older editions may
be available for check out, but
be aware they may not be up-to-date.
Harnack, Andrew. Online!: Internet
Guide for Students and Writers.
(Reference 025.04 H229o)
Shields, Nancy. Where Credit Is
Due: A Guide to Proper Citing of Sources
-- Print and Nonprint. 2nd edition.
(Reference 808.027 Sh61w)
Slade, Carol Form and Style: Research
Paper, Reports, Theses. 11th edition.
(Reference 808.02 Sl12f 1999)
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers
of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.
6th edition.
(Reference 808.02 T74m 1996)
Walker, Melissa Writing Research
Papers: A Norton Guide. 4th edition.
(Reference 808.02 W153w 1997)
Xia Li. Electronic Styles: A Guide
to Citing Electronic Information.
(Reference 808.027 W15s 1998)
Arts & Humanities
Chicago Manual of Style. 15th
edition.
(Reference and Main 808.02 C432m 2003)
Form and Style: Research Papers,
Reports, Theses. 11th edition.
(Reference 808.02 Sl12f 1999)
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research
Papers. 6th edition.
(Reference and Reserve 808.027 G35mh 2003)
MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly
Publishing. 2nd edition.
(Reference 808.027 G35m 1998)
Writing the Research Paper: A Handbook
with both the MLA and APA Documentation
Styles. 5th edition.
(Reference 808.02 W729w 1999)
Social Sciences
American Sociological Association
Style Guide. 2nd edition.
(Reference 300.72 Am35a)
Concise Rules of APA Style.
(Reference 808.0661 C748 2005)
The Complete Guide to Citing Government
Information Resources. 3rd edition.
(Reference 808.02 C421c)
Form and Style: Research Papers,
Reports, Theses. 11th edition.
(Reference 808.02 Sl12f 1999)
Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association. 5th
edition.
(Reference and Reserve 808.066 P96 2001)
Style Manual for Political Science.
Revised.
(Reference 808.0663 Am35s 2001)
Writing the Research Paper: A Handbook
with both the MLA and APA Documentation
Styles. 5th edition.
(Reference 808.02 W729w 1999)
Sciences & Natural Sciences
A Student Handbook for Writing in
Biology.
(808.0665 K749s)
Scientific Style and Format: The
CBE (Council of Biology Editors) Manual
for Authors, Editors, And Publishers.
(Reference 808.0666 Sci 27 1994)
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Style
Manuals on the Web
The Internet provides many new and exciting
resources for students engaged in research.
Data is made available by, among others:
educational institutions, government
organizations, special interest groups,
commercial concerns, and private individuals.
Smith Library Center also subscribes
to many database services that provide
access to the electronic versions of
journals, newspapers, and other print
resources. The quality of online information
ranges from excellent and authoritative
to highly questionable.
The nature of the data online can also
be ephemeral. An Internet site that you
select as a resource on one visit may
be modified or have moved by the time
you complete your paper. Therefore, it
is extremely important, as with any form
of data you gather for a research paper,
to properly document electronic resources
in your bibliography. Choose one documentation
style -- as specified by your professor
or your personal preference -- and use
it consistently in your bibliography.
For citing electronic Web sources, some
of the best guidelines are on the Web
itself. The following list of sites offer
guidance for citing both online and print
materials. Most of these sites give "samples" of
citation for the selected style. None
should be considered to represent the "complete" style
manual. In addition, some sites offer
forms that will format citations for
you in a particular style. Be aware,
however, that it is not possible to create
an automated citation generator that
is correct all the time. Always check
the results against the print style manuals.
If you don't easily find what you need
to know using the Web links below, it's
best to come in to the library and consult
the print style manuals. The most recent
editions of all of these manuals will
be in the reference collection and do
not circulate.
APA (American Psychological
Association):
APAStyle.org
"The following is excerpted from the new 5th edition
of the Publication Manual. The material provided covers commonly
asked questions regarding how to cite electronic media." (Not
the entire APA manual!)
Using
American Psychological Association
(APA) Format
From Purdue's Online Writing Lab. Information on
this page is taken from The Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association (5th edition).
(Not the entire APA manual!)
Using
APA Style to Cite and Document Sources
From the book Online!: A Reference Guide to Using
Internet Sources.
Landmark's
Citation Machine
Citation Machine is an interactive Web tool designed to
assist teachers and students in producing reference citations
for crediting information from other people.Ó Formats citations
in APA (5th edition) and MLA (6th edition) style.
APA Wizard from StyleWizard.com
ÏThe APA Wizard is designed to help you create an APA (5th
ed.) citation. It will take you through the steps for the
most common types of cited works providing you with assistance
on how to input specific information. As long as you enter
the information correctly, the Wizard will result in a correct
APA citation.Ó
Reference
Machine
From the Center for Independent Language Learning
at Hong Kong Polytechnic University>. Formats citations
in APA (5th edition).
DocsCite
A citation generator for government documents from
the Arizona State University Libraries. Formats
citations in APA (5th edition) and MLA (6th edition)
style.
CBE (Council of Biology Editors):
Documentation:
CBE Documentation
From the Writer's Handbook, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Writing Center.
Using
CBE Style to Cite and Document Sources
From the book Online!: A Reference Guide to Using
Internet Sources.
Chicago/Turabian:
Documentation:
Chicago Style
From the Writers Handbook, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Writing Center. This site includes examples for several
styles.
The
Chicago Manual of Style FAQ (and not
so FAQ)
From the manuscript editing department at the University
of Chicago Press.
Using
Chicago Style to Cite and Document
Sources
From the book Online!: A Reference Guide to Using
Internet Sources.
Turabian
Citation Generator
Currently generates footnote-style references for
books only.
MLA (Modern Language Association):
Citing
Sources: Guide to Library Research
Developed for the Duke University program, documentation
guidelines for major citation formats.
Documentation:
MLA (Modern Language Association)
From the Writer's Handbook, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Writing Center. This site includes examples for several
styles.
Using
MLA Style to Cite and Document Sources
From the book Online!: A Reference Guide to Using
Internet Sources.
Landmark's
Citation Machine
Citation Machine is an interactive Web tool designed to assist
teachers and students in producing reference citations for
crediting information from other people.Ó Formats citations
in APA (5th edition) and MLA (6th edition) style.
MLA Citation
Generator
From the Palomar University Adapted Computer Training
Center. Formats citations in APA (5th edition).
DocsCite
A citation generator for government documents from
the Arizona State University Libraries. Formats
citations in APA (5th edition) and MLA (6th edition)
style.
Others:
Documentation:
APSA Documentation American Political
Science Association
From the Writer's Handbook, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Writing Center.
Uncle
Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government
Publications
Based on Chicago. Extensive sample citations.
Introduction
to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2003 ed.) by
Peter W. Martin
From the Cornell Legal Information Institute.
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Citation
Software
In addition to the above sites, there
are some software packages that will
help you create and manage your bibliographies
and references. Although these products
are not free, they may make it easier
for you to cite your sources accurately
and keep track of the resources youÌve
consulted. There are too many options
for us to list all of them here, but
these are some of the best-known products:
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