part of speech	variables	functions
noun (gender is fixed) word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea	number case	case reflects function: subject, direct object, indirect object, obj. of prep., predicate nominative, etc.
adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words	number gender case	modifies expressed or implied (substantive adj.) noun, with which it agrees in no., gender, case
verb (finite) asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being	person number tense mood voice	main verb of its clause
verb (infinitive) "to" plus basic form of verb	tense voice	complimentary; verb of indirect statement
adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much"	none	modifies, verb, adjective, another adverb. phrase, or clause
preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition	none	introduces prepositional phrase; takes object in accusative or ablative
participle	number gender case tense voice	modifies expressed or implied noun, with which it agrees in number, gender, case; may take its own objects